洗腎患者血中磷離子都降不下來,怎麼辦?(3)談鈣片

前兩篇,把降磷的三大重點透析清除磷離子的極限、以及使用鋁片的隱憂,都討論過了,這一篇的重點是:“作為磷結合劑鈣片”。

“可以用”且最常用的鈣片有兩種,就是“碳酸鈣”與“醋酸鈣”,不能用的鈣片是啥?“檸檬酸鈣”不能用,為什麼?上一篇的最後一段有寫,趕快回去複習

其實,該注意的細節很多,讓我們一項一項來討論……

鈣片的疑慮

就和鋁片一樣的道理,鈣片的原罪就是本身所含有的鈣,若吸收太多,對身體有害,血管的鈣化、硬化、或是軟組織的鈣化沉積,都是鈣太多所導致。而且根據統計,使用鈣片的腎友中,有50%會產生高血鈣,尤其是合併使用活性維他命D的時候。

因此,之前討論透析液的鈣離子濃度,就是希望能讓腎友少一點鈣的負擔,同樣的,若選用鈣片來降磷,就得把這兩種鈣片比較一下,誰讓身體的鈣負擔較少,誰的降磷的效果比較好。

哪一個比較好?

種類鈣被吸收比例每吸收1毫克的鈣
可結合多少的磷
每一克的鈣片
可結合多少的磷
每一顆鈣片
可結合多少磷
碳酸鈣(500毫克/顆)
Calcium carbonate
約20-30%0.125毫克39毫克19.5毫克
醋酸鈣(667毫克/顆)
Calcium acetate
☆ 約21%(隨餐吃)
約40%(沒有隨餐吃)
☆ 0.345毫克 ☆ 45毫克 ☆ 30毫克

打星星的,就是贏家,從表格看的很清楚,醋酸鈣,鈣的吸收比例少,結合磷的效果稍好,比碳酸鈣更優一些!

為什麼會這樣?

磷結合劑的大師,在這篇回顧性文章中提到,碳酸鈣的崩解時間較長–因此建議腎友要咬碎吃,更麻煩的是,碳酸鈣酸性環境下,比較容易溶解,與食糜混合,但是在鹼性環境下,對磷的結合力比較強,比較容易把磷抓住,讓磷不被身體吸收,兩者無法兼顧的情況下,自然降磷的效果較差。

醋酸鈣的崩解速度快–因此建議腎友整顆吞服,而且比較不受胃酸的影響,或許是這樣的緣故,造成上表兩種鈣片的差異。這篇文章也持相同的看法,不管是磷的結合力,或者是鈣的吸收比率,就是醋酸鈣優於碳酸鈣

最多可以吃幾顆?

營養狀況好的情形下,血中的磷是降的越低越好,但是用來降低磷的鈣片,可不能劑量越加越大,理由在前面講過不再贅述,那麼,最多只能吃幾顆,才不會過量呢?底下的表格是專家的建議。

種類含元素鈣的比例一顆鈣片含多少元素鈣一天最多能吃幾顆
(上限1500毫克元素鈣)
碳酸鈣(500毫克/顆)
Calcium carbonate
40%200毫克7.5顆
醋酸鈣(667毫克/顆)
Calcium acetate
25%169毫克8.8顆

2010年五月,KDOQI對於KDIGO治療指引的意見回饋中提到,這些劑量的建議,不是絕對的鐵律,當腎友血中鈣濃度較低,或副甲狀腺功能過高(亢進)時,可考慮更大的劑量來使用鈣片。

甚麼情況要考慮限制鈣片的使用呢?一、副甲狀腺功能過低時,鈣片的用量須減少,免得過多的鈣會更加抑制副甲狀腺的機能;二、當腎友身體中的血管,有明顯鈣化的現象時,也要盡量限制鈣片的使用。怎麼知道身體血管有鈣化呢?每年一次的胸部X光可以看主動脈弓是否鈣化(如下圖,點圖可放大)。aortic arch calcification

另外,腹部側面照的X光,能夠評估腹主動脈的鈣化情況(如下圖,點圖可放大)。

abdomen calcification

總結

使用鈣片的疑慮,是身體的鈣負擔增加,因此,注意鈣片的正確服用方法,小心鈣片的總用量,以及使用X光追蹤身體血管鈣化的情形。不管如何,還是得把血中的磷濃度降下來,這才是使用鈣片的目的。然而,如果還是沒辦法把磷降到目標範圍內,該怎麼辦?那就要靠“不含鋁或鈣的新磷結合劑”了,請待下篇分曉。

參考文獻:

KDOQI GUIDELINE 5. USE OF PHOSPHATE BINDERS IN CKD (2003)

KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, Prevention, and Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) (2009)

KDOQI US Commentary on the 2009 KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of CKD–Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) (2010)

 

{2147300:D87QGUA4};{2147300:D87QGUA4} pediatrics default asc 1 1377
true%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Atrue%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22D87QGUA4%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2147300%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Hutchison%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bclear%3A%20left%3B%20%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-left-margin%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bfloat%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B1.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-right-inline%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bmargin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3BHutchison%20AJ%2C%20Smith%20CP%2C%20Brenchley%20PEC.%20Pharmacology%2C%20efficacy%20and%20safety%20of%20oral%20phosphate%20binders.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNat%20Rev%20Nephrol%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%202011%3B7%2810%29%3A578-589.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20rel%3D%26%23039%3Bnoopener%20noreferrer%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnrneph.2011.112%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttp%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1038%5C%2Fnrneph.2011.112%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Pharmacology%2C%20efficacy%20and%20safety%20of%20oral%20phosphate%20binders%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alastair%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hutchison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Craig%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Paul%20E.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brenchley%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20ideal%20serum%20level%20of%20phosphate%20in%20patients%20on%20dialysis%2C%20and%20the%20benefits%20of%20controlling%20levels%20of%20phosphate%20in%20serum%20remain%20unclear%20despite%20observational%20studies%20that%20associate%20phosphate%20levels%20with%20mortality.%20In%20the%20absence%20of%20robust%20data%20from%20trials%2C%20current%20guidelines%20are%20necessarily%20based%20on%20opinion.%20Oral%20phosphate%20binders%20are%20required%20by%20the%20majority%20of%20patients%20on%20dialysis%2C%20and%20all%20of%20these%20binders%20can%20control%20serum%20levels%20of%20phosphate%20to%20similar%20degrees.%20Patient%20preference%20and%20adherence%20to%20prescribed%20therapy%20is%20at%20least%20as%20important%20as%20the%20efficacy%20of%20the%20prescribed%20binder.%20Avoidance%20of%20calcium-containing%20binders%20has%20become%20accepted%20practice%20where%20the%20alternatives%20are%20affordable%2C%20but%20incontrovertible%20evidence%20in%20favor%20of%20this%20approach%20is%20lacking.%20Use%20of%20sevelamer%20and%20lanthanum%20avoids%20calcium%20loading%2C%20but%20at%20considerable%20financial%20cost%20and%20with%20no%20reliable%20patient%20outcome%20data%20to%20prove%20their%20value.%20Additional%20approaches%20to%20aid%20control%20of%20serum%20levels%20of%20phosphate%20include%20blockade%20of%20gastrointestinal%20phosphate%20absorption%20and%20possibly%20binding%20of%20salivary%20phosphate.%20Importantly%2C%20the%20role%20of%20phosphate%20control%20in%20determining%20patient%20outcomes%20must%20be%20quantified%2C%20which%20is%20likely%20to%20require%20a%20large%20randomized%2C%20controlled%20study%20of%20two%20levels%20of%20phosphate%20control.%20Without%20such%20a%20study%20we%20will%20continue%20to%20rely%20on%20observational%20data%20with%20all%20its%20uncertainties%20and%20potential%20to%20mislead.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22October%202011%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fnrneph.2011.112%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Fnrneph%5C%2Fjournal%5C%2Fv7%5C%2Fn10%5C%2Ffull%5C%2Fnrneph.2011.112.html%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221759-5061%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222015-06-03T08%3A07%3A34Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
1.
Hutchison AJ, Smith CP, Brenchley PEC. Pharmacology, efficacy and safety of oral phosphate binders. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2011;7(10):578-589. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2011.112